RrA*x HBAM2016AUG95 Pro 5.0 e%rH$Y GOZW-l8. )=.&< V2WB, \Qu`b0 =+H2| armed@ entire@ obtuse@ open@ bind@ catkins@ small@ lactuca@ HBAM3016AUG95@ aceraceae aizoaceae alismataceae amaranthaceae amaryllidaceae anacardiaceae apiaceae apocynaceae araliaceae asclepiadaceae asteraceae berberidaceae betulaceae boraginaceae brassicaceae eraeM iferaeM ridaceaeR caprifoliaceae caryophyllaceae celastraceae ceratophyllaceae chenopodiaceae convolvulaceae cornaceae crassulaceae cucurbitaceae cupressaceae cuscutaceae cyperaceae dipsacaceae elaeagnaceae equisetaceae ericaceae euphorbiaceae fabaceaed fabaceae leguminosaed fagaceae frankeniaceae fumariaceae gentianaceae geraniaceae grossulariaceae guttiferaeo haloragaceaek haloragaceae haloragidaceaek haloragidaceaek hippuridaceae hydrocharitaceae hydrophyllaceae hypericaceaeo hypericaceae guttiferaeo iridaceae isoetaceae juncaceae juncaginaceae labiataet lamiaceaet lamiaceae labiataet dVeQdR 6/10/2004 ALTERNATIVES AUTHOR COMMENTS COMMON LIST COMMON NAME DESCRIPTION FAMILY FAMILY ABOUT FAMILY LIST FAMILYNUM G PER F INFORMAL GENERA GENERA PER FAMILY GGENERA IMAGE 1 IMAGE 2 IMAGE 3 LINK 1 LINK 2 LINK 3 OTHER COMMON FABACEAE / LEGUMINOSAE (Legume, Pea or Bean Family) Herbs, vines, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, simple or more eften at least once compound; stipules usually well developed and persistent, membranous or green, free or partially fused with the base of the petiole, some of the leaflets occasionally subtended by small secondary stipules. Flowers usually bisexual, bilaterally symmetrical to nearly radially symmetrical, in terminal or axillary, generally bracteate panicles, racemes, sp ikes, clusters or heads, rarely solitary; sepals 5, in most genera fused to some degree; corolla arising at the rim of a short to obsolete floral tube, generall composed of 5 free or partially fused petals, in the subfamily Papilionoideae (most of ours) termed "papilionaceous" with the uppermost petal (banner) usually the largest, the 2 lateral petals (wings) clawed at the base and free or lightly fused at the tips, the 2 lower petals partially fused, forming a boat-shaped structure (keel) rity; present almost everywhere, including here. Photo 3 shows flower of Astragalus: large banner rises above a pair of white wings, between which is the keel. This is actually a pair of petals partly joined and wrapped around the stamens. These are mostly fused along their filaments (stalks). ROSACEAE (Rose Family) Armed or unarmed, annual to perennial herbs, shrubs, trees, or sometimes vines. Leaves alternate or rarely opposite; stipules usually present, partially to completely fused with the petiole or free and often readily deciduous, leaving a scar. Flowers bisexual or rarely unisexual, radially symmetrical, perigynous to epigynous or rarely hypogynous, solitary or in clusters; floral tube (hypanthium) flat or saucer-shaped to tubular, commonly lined with a glandular disc, the sepals, petals, and stamens arising at or near the summit; sepals 5 (4-10), free or partially fused, alternating with bractlets in all of our herbaceous species except Sanguisorba; petals 5 (4-10), rarely lacking or numerous through "doubling"; stamens 1-numerous, free; pistils 1-many, simple or compound, the ovary superior or partially to completely inferior, 1-5-chambered, the styles 1-5, free or rarely fused. Fruit a follicle, pome, drupe, drupelet, or achene, sometimes the a Iris FamilyQ Iris FamilyS Sisyrinchium U"Flag Fleur-de-Lis Blue-eyed Grass ISOETACEAEB ISOETACEAE (Quillwort Family) Submerged, amphibious, or terrestrial perennials, stems reduced to a very short, 2- or 3-lobed, subterranean, cormlike structure with slender fibrous roots. Leaves (sporophylls) clustered at the summit of the rootstock, the outermost blades often sterile, the next whorl with a megasporangium embedded in each leaf base and partially covered (ours) by a thin liplike margin (velum), the next inner whorl with microsporangia similarly situated in the leaf basesBS, the innermost blades with rudimentary sporangia, or rarely the plants dioecious. Quillwort FamilyQ Quillwort FamilyS Isoetes Quillwort Merlin's Grass 2A JUNCACEAEB e, seeds few to many.C A ACERACEAEB ACERACEAE (Maple family) Polygamous or dioecious shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, simple and palmately lobed or ternately to pinnately compound, stipules lacking. Flowers unisexual or bisexual, radially symmetrical, in terminal or axillary racemes, corymbs, or panicles; sepals (4) 5, free or united at the base, the lobes overlapping; petals (4) 5 or lacking; stamens 4-12, arising at the inner or outer edge of a lobed disc or the disc sometimes obsolete; pistil 1; ovary superior, usuallB y 2-lobed and 2-chambered; styles 2, arising between the lobes. Fruit a double samara, splitting into halves at maturity, each portion laterally winged; seeds (1) 2 per chamber. Maple Family AIZOACEAE MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE 0A IRIDACEAEB FamilyF AuthorH DescriptionJ Common NameL CommentsN AlternativesO%Families of the Central Wasatch FrontP CARD LAYOUTQ CLOSE FILER QUITS FINDU Family list Other common are all needle-like. There are no true flowers, but seeds are produced in cones, with male and female cones being carried on the same tree. Casually, it is common for any of our conifers (except Juniper) to be referred to as "pine". What are the consistent differences? Pines carry their needles on little side spurs, in bundles of 2-5 with a papery sheath around the bottom. Occasional species have just 1, but still with a sheath. Spruces have square needles, spirally arranged a 5round the twigs. Cones hang down. Firs have flattened needles. Although they are attached in a spiral, they often twist to make the whole look flattened. Cones stick up, very dense and sticky. Douglas Fir also has flattened needles, but the cones hang down, and have a spine at the end of each scale. AMARANTHACEAE (Amaranth / Pigweed family) Herbs or rarely subshrubs. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite, entire or nearly so. Flowers minute, apetalous, unisexual or bisexual, in small axillary clusters or densely crowded in simple or compound spikes or racemes, each flower or flower cluster subtended by 2-several, herbaceous to membranous bracts; sepals 1-5, generally membranous, at least in part, free or fused at the base; stamens 1-5, opposite the sepals; pistil 1, the ovary superB ior and 1-chambered, the styles 1-5, occasionally fused at the base. Fruit a 1-seeded, usually membranous, circumscissile capsule, rarely dehiscing irregularly or indehiscent and a utricle Amaranth Family numerous, free, the ovary superior, 1-chambered, the style often persistent and beaklike on the fruit. Fruit of achenes borne on the receptacle in a ring or in a globose headlike cluster, or the fruit dehiscent and wi an involucre of bracts and the pedicels by an involucel of bractlets; calyx teeth 5 or lacking; petals 5, free; stamens 5, arising alternately with the petals at the margin of an epigynous disc; ovary inferior, 2-chambered, each chamber with a single ovule; styles 2, often swollen at the base to form a stylopodium. Fruit a schizocarp, splitting at maturity along a medial plane (commissure) into two 1-seeded, indehiscent segments (mericarps), revealing a slender wirelike structure (carpoph ore) to which the mericarps are apically attached, the carpophore entire to deeply bifid, or in some species its segments fused to the mericarps and evidently lacking; mericarps flattened parallel with the commissure and the fruit dehiscing along the margins, or flattened at right angles to the commissure and the fruit dehiscing down the center, each mericarp typically 5-nerved or ribbed with one or more vertical oil tubes (visible in cross section) between the ribs and on the commissure. D ASTERACEAE / COMPOSITAE (Composite, Sunflower or Daisy Family) Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple or compound; stipules lacking. Individual flowers small, arranged in usually conspicuous heads consisting of 1 (rarely) to several hundred flowers produced on a common receptacle, in many species each flower subtended by a bract, bristle, or by hairs arising from the receptacle, the head itself encircled at the base by an involucre composed of 1- several series of involuc ral bracts, the whole supported by a peduncle. Flowers commonly of two kinds: (1) ray flowers with a short tubular corolla terminating in a flat, usually strap-shaped limb (ray), these generally conspicuous and often forming the outermost series on the receptacle, (2) disc flowers with a tubular corolla and a 5-lobed limb, these filling the center of the head, or the head composed entirely of ray or disc flowers; flowers bisexual or unisexual, fertile or sterile; sepals lacking or represen 0-013 FamilyB A FamilyNumB AuthorB DescriptionB Common NameB CommentsB AlternativesB Family listB Family aboutB Common ListB Link 1B Link 2B CAPRIFOLIACEAE (Honeysuckle Family) Trees, shrubs, woody vines, rarely herbs. Leaves opposite (ours) stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual, radially or bilaterally symmetrical,sympetalous; usually 4 or 5, mostly reduced to mere teeth or sometimes obsolete; corolla rotate salverform or 2-lipped, the tube in some species spurred or unilaterally pouched near the base, the limb (4)5-lobed; stamens (4)5, arising from the corolla tube and alternate with the lobes; pistil 1, the ovary inferior, B 1-3- or 5-chambered, each chamber with 1-many ovules, the style 1 or obsolete, the stigmas 1-3 or 5. Fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule; seeds l-several. Honeysuckle Family 106-002M 089-002Q Honeysuckle FamilyS!Lonicera Sambucus Symphoricarpos GENTIANACEAE (Gentian Family) Annual or perennial, usually glabrous herbs; stems often angled and occasionally narrowly winged. Leaves simple and entire, opposite or whorled (rarely alternate), sessile and often somewhat fused at the base or occasionally petioled; stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual (ours), radially symmetcical, 4- or 5(6-12)-erous, terminal or axillary, solitary or more often in simple or compound cymes; calyx more or less deeply lobed, rarely merely toothed to irregula rly cleft; corolla sympetalous, rotate to bell-shaped or salverform, in some species pleated in the sinuses, the lobes often bearing conspicuous nectary glands or fringed appendages near the base or at the throat; stamens mostly 4 or 5, arising from the corolla tube and alternate with the corolla lobes; pistil 1, the ovary sessile or stipitate, superior and 1-chambered with 1 elongate to obsolete style, the 2 stigmas often expanded, sometimes recurved in the same direction and appearing so Pro 3.0F! Pro 5.0 - 6.0M1 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday January February March April August September October November December 1st Quarter 2nd Quarter 3rd Quarter 4th Quarter Inspect Startup Genera get Genera per Family HD:Desktop Folder:Wasatch Windows:Wasatch Genera.fm MSPCA NAMEA Wasatch Genera.fm RPTHA Wasatch Genera.fm Goosefoot FamilyS|Allenrolfea Atriplex Bassia Chenopodium Corispermum Eurotia Halogeton Kochia Monolepis Salicornia Salsola Sarcobatus Suaeda Iodine Bush Saltbush Smotherweed Goosefoot Bugseed Winterfat Halogeton Summer Cypress Poverty Weed Pickleweed Samphire Glasswort Russian Thistle Greasewood Seepweed Inkweed CONVOLVULACEAEB CONVOLVULACEAE (Dodder Family) Annual or perennial herbs, vines, shrubs, or small trees, often with milky juice. Leaves alternate and simple, stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetrical, usually 5-merous, sympetalous, solitary and axillary or in terminal cymes; bracts usually subtending the calyx, sometimes forming an involucre; sepals free or basally fused; corolla generally funnelform to salverform; stamens 5, epipetalous; pistil 1, the ovary superior and 2 (1-5)-chambereB d with 1 or 2 styles and subglobose to elongate stigmas. Fruit usually a capsule, but sometimes indehiscent or fleshy, 1-4 (10)-seeded. the ovary), often toothed or lobed, and in some species appendaged; stamens 3-10, the anthers often red-purple, pistil 1, the ovary sessile or borne on a short, often stout stipe, superior and 1-(2-5)-chambered with (1)2-5 styles. Fruit a capsule, circumscissile or more often dehiscent from the apex (ours) by 2-5 entire or apically bifid valves (2-10 teeth); seeds few to numerous, subglobose to kidney-shaped, nearly smooth to papillose in regular concentric rows. The pink family is the soCaurce of a large number of ornamental plants including sweet william carnation and baby's-breath. Pink Family ecially noticeable in the large context. ile or more often dehiscent from the apex (ours) by 2-5 entire or apically bifid valves (2-10 teeth); seeds few to numerous, subglobose to kidney-shaped, nearly smooth to papillose in regular concentric rows. The pink family is the so mooth or reticulate to somewhat tuberculate. The caper, used as a condiment, is the pickled flower bud of Capparis spinosa L., a Mediterranean shrub. Caper Family The Caper family is a large one (45 genera, 800 species, mostly tropical), of significant economic value as a source of spices. Life style ranges from annual herbs to shrubs and trees. Leaves are typically compound, with 3-7 leaflets arranged palmately, like a hand. In many ways they resemble the Mustard family: flowers have 4 separate petals, usually 6 stamens; seeds are carried in a pod with 2 chambers that separate away from a central partition. The resemblances go beyond mere surfaces le; seeds few to many, compressed, orbicular or ovate to kidney-shaped, smooth or reticulate to somewhat tuberculate. The ca Hornwort FamilyF The spurge family includes many ornamental plants, among them poinsettia and the castor oil plant, both of which contain toxic principles. There is a single genus in the Hornwort family of aquatic plants, and that contains only six species. Our local representative is the Horned Pondweed - not surprisingly, because it is found almost everywhere there is fresh flowing water. Hornwort FamilyS Ceratophyllum Hornwort Coontail CHENOPODIACEAEB te flowers with 8-20 stamens, the filaments short, the anthers obscurely 2-celled and minutely bristle-tipped at the apex; pistillate flowers consisting of a solitary pistil with a superior, 1-chambered ovary. Fruit a hardened, smooth or tuberculate achene, the persistent style spinelike. , smooth Arrowgrass FamilyQ Arrowgrass FamilyS Triglochin Arrowgrass LAMIACEAE LABIATAE LAMIACEAE / LABIATAE (Mint Family) Annual to perennial herbs, shrubs, or rarely small trees; stems generally 4-angled; herbage frequently glandular and aromatic. Leaves opposite, simple (ours) or rarely pinnately compound; stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual, bilaterally or occasionally nearly radially symmetrical, sympetalous, solitary or more frequently in compact, modified cymes in the axils of bracts or leaves (commonly appearing whorled); sepals fused to form a (4)5(10)-toothed, some, the style 1 or rarely lacking, entire or 2(4)-cleft at the apex, arising from the summit of the ovary or more often from the ventral surface of the lobes and appearing to be a prolongation of the receptacle (gynobase). Fruit o Flowers inconspicuous, bisexual or unisexual, mostly radially symmetrical, apetalous, solitary or clustered in axils of leaves or leaflike b racts, or in bracteate or ebracteate, terminal or axillary spikes or panicles, sometimes sunken in depressions in fleshy stems; sepals 5 (1-6), fused, at least near the base, or occasionally free, usually greenish, sometimes fleshy or becoming membranous, the calyx commonly persistent around the fruit, in Monolepis usually reduced to a mere scale or lacking entirely, in Atriplex the pistillate flowers naked and subtended by 2 opposing bracts; stamens 1-5; pistil 1, the ovary superior or ra ercul ly, with 3000 species in 150 genera. By far the largest of these is the Nightshade (Solanum) genus with 1400 species. Although many, or even most, of the family members contain very toxic chemicals, these are frequently neutralized by the time fruit is ripe. Tomatoes, potatoes and egg plants are all important food crops. The plants are annual to perennial, herbs to shrubs, sometimes prickly. Leaves are alternate. FloweB5rs are almost always radially symmetrical and 5-lobed E)Nightshade or Potato Family Potato Family Selaginella SOLANACEAEB lawnI daisyI layia lettuce leucelene lewisia liceL licoriced lilac lilyv littleI little gentianh little polecat little sunflowerI lloydia locoweed locust loosestrife lotus lousewort lovage lovegrass loverU lupine mahogany maidenI maidenhair maidenhair malcolmia mallow mannagrass manzanita maple mare'sl mare's taill marigold mariposav mariposa lilyv marsh marsh marigold matchweed mayweed meadowrue merlin's grassq milkvetch milkweed milkwort miterwort monkshood monkshood wolfbane moonwort morningX morning gloryX mosquito mosquito motherwort mountainI mountain mountain dandelionI mountain loverU mountain mahogany mountain sorrel mouse mouse muhlygrass mulesears mustard bittercress blackberry bladder bladder bladderpod blazingy blazing stary bleedingheart blueM mustardM blue-eyedp blue-eyed grassp blue-eyed bluebells blueberry bluegrass orchid boneset borage bower bracken bramble bracken bracken bower bower bower broomrape cancer-root buckwheat buffaloberry bugleweed bugseed bulrush burdock bushW butterweed cactusN california california poppy camas campionT campion catchflyT canary canary grass cancer-root caraway carrot cat'sL cat's catchfly catchweed centaury chamomile chamomile dogfennelI checkermallow chess chickweed chicory chrysanthemum cicelyF cliffbrake clover cocklebur collomia columbine coneflower coontail coral coral cordgrass 0.5-2.8\ 1-10K 1-12\ selfheal serviceberry shepherd'sM shepherd's purseM shield shield shinleaf shooting shooting sibbaldia sisymbrium skeletonweed slipper smartweed smelowskia smilacina smotherweed sneezeweed snowberry soapwort sorghum sorrel sowthistle speedwell sphaeromeria spiderR spider flowerR spike spike primrose spikemoss spikerush spleenwort sprangletop springbeauty springparsley spruce spurge squirreltail john's worto stary starwortO stickseed stone-fruits stonecrop stoneseed storksbill strawberry sumac summerW summer cypressW sumpweed sunflower sweetF sweet alyssumM sweet cicelyF sweet william sweetclover sweetpea sweetroot sweetvetch swertia taill oatgrass tamarisk tansyM tansy mustardM Valerian FamilyS Plectritis Valeriana U Plectritis Valerian Centranthus VERBENACEAEB VERBENACEAE (Verbena or Vervain Family) Annual or perennial herbs, shrubs, or sometimes trees. Leaves opposite or whorled, rarely alternate, simple or occasionally compound; stipules lacking. Flowers usually bisexual, bilaterally or less often radially symmetrical, sympetalous, arranged in bracteate spikes, racemes, or panicles; calyx (2) 4- or 5-lobed; corolla 4- or 5-lobed, usually unequally so; stamens 4 (2-5), didynamous, epipetalous; pistil 1, the ovary superior, entire or lightlyB^ 2-4-grooved at flowering, the style 1, with 1 or 2 stigmas. Fruit of 2-4 nutlets or a drupe. E(Verbena or Vervain Family Vervain Family modified, winged or plumose calyx lobes. Valerian Family b-shaped brac YThe family Brassicaceae includes many species cultivated as food crops, among them the many varieties of Brassica oleracea L. (kale, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower); B napobrassica Mill. (rutabaga), B. hirta Moench (mustard), B. rapa L. (turnip), Raphanus sativus L. (radish), and Nasturtium officinale R. Br. (watercress). Cruciferae The Mustard Family is large and complicated, with over 400 genera and 4,000 species, depending where one makes the divisions. A lot of work is presently going into a detailed analysis: some would bring the Caper family (including our Cleome) into the mustards, while others keep them separate, but in a new family of their own. This is the largest family in which the typical number of petals is 4 (also Evening Primrose, Pink and part of the Figwort families). So that is a good starting poin E(Mustard or Cabbage Family Cabbage Family the membranous replum E/Harebell or Bellflower Family Bellflower Family kThis monogeneric family is often included in Convolvulaceae but differs from other members of that family in basic chromosome number, in lacking internal phloem, and in having a parasitic habit, scalelike leaves, small, usually scale-appendaged, fleshy corollas, small non-mucilaginous seeds with spiralled rather than curved embryos, and much reduced cotyledons. The Bellflower family is of worldwide distribution, consisting of about 70 genera and 2000 species, mostly of herbs, but with occasional shrubs. The name (in both Latin and English) is perfectly descriptive for some of the plants, but not others. So clear cut is the distinction that the family would be split into two except that there are some African plants that act as the "missing link". The Campanula subfamily has classic symmetrical bell-shaped flowers, familiar from many cultivated ted, winged or wingless. -12 stigmas. Fruit a many- or perennial, monoecious (ours) herbs; stems tufted, slender, usually lax. Leaves simple and entire, opposite (rarely whorled) linear and 1-nerved, or in some species the upper leaves broader, 3-5-nerved, and in rosettes at the ends of branches; stipules lacking. Flowers minute, generally unisexual, the staminate 1-3, the pistillate usually solitary, both forms axillary and in some species subtended by a pair of oblon g to obliquely oval, sometimes inflated, membranous bractlets; perianth lacking; the staminate flower consisting of a single anther on a slender filament, the pistillate of a single pistil with a superior, deeply 4-lobed ovary and 2 threadlike styles, the stigmas entire, not expanded. Fruit a compressed, 4-lobed schizocarp, ultimately separating into 4 (fewer by abortion) mericarps, these 1-seeded, flattened, minutely pitted, winged or wingless. -12 stigmas. Fruit a many- 023-022L 004-022M 009-036Q Borage FamilyS|Amsinckia Anchusa Asperugo Borago Cryptantha Cynoglossum Hackelia Heliotropium Lappula Lithospermum Mertensia Plagiobothrys Fiddleneck Anchusa Catchweed Borage Cryptanth Cat's Eye Hound's Tongue Beggar's Lice Tickweed Wild Forget-Me-Not Heliotrope Stickseed Stoneseed Gromwell Puccoon Bluebells Popcorn Flower BRASSICACEAE CRUCIFERAE illose in regular concentric rows. The pink family is the soCaurce of a large number of ornamental plants including sweet william carnation and baby's-breath. Pink Family Honeysuckle Family he petals; pistil 1, the ovary superior, 1-chambered, generally stipitate. Fruit indehiscent or (ours) a 2-valved, 1-chambered, generally stipitate capsule; seeds few to many, compressed, orbicular or ovate to kidney-shaped, smooth U,Honeysuckle Elderberry Snowberry Twinflower CARYOPHYLLACEAEB CARYOPHYLLACEAE (Pink Family) Annual to perennial herbs, in a few species woody-based; stems often swollen at the nodes. Leaves opposite or rarely whorled or alternate, simple and entire; stipules present in some species. Flowers bisexual or unisexual, radially symmetrical, occasionally solitary and axillary but more often in compact to open bracteate cymes; sepals (4)5, free or fused to form a tube; petals (4)5 or sometimes lacking, free (in a few species fused only around the stipe of the stigmas 1-3 or 5. Fruit a berry, drupe, or capsule; seeds l-several. Honeysuckle Family he petals; pistil 1, the ovary superior, 1-chambered, generally stipitate. Fruit indehiscent or (ours) a 2-valved, 1-chambered, generally stipitate capsule; seeds few to many, compressed, orbicular or ovate to kidney-shaped, smooth ed to the Milkweed family (ASCLEPIADACEAE). One genus Apocynum is native to our area, while the widely grown Periwinkles (Vinca) sometimes escape and become naturalized. Dogbane FamilyS Apocynum Vinca Dogbane Periwinkle Myrtle ASCLEPIADACEAEB ASCLEPIADACEAE (Milkweed Family) Perennial herbs, vines, shrubs, or small trees, usually with milky juice. Leaves simple, generally entire, opposite or whorled, rarely alternate; stipules lacking or minute and soon deciduous. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetrical, commonly 5-merous, sympetalous, usually in an umbellate inflorescence; sepals free or partially united; corolla funnelform to rotate, often reflexed from near the base, the corolla tube with an internal appendage (commonly ca ble in cross section) between the ribs and on the commissure. D cactaceae callitrichaceae campanulaceae cannabaceae cannabinaceae capparaceae capparidaceae caprifoliaceae caryophyllaceae celastraceae ceratophyllaceae chenopodiaceae compositae convolvulaceae cornaceae crassulaceae cruciferae cucurbitaceae cupressaceae cuscutaceae cyperaceae dipsacaceae elaeagnaceae equisetaceae ericaceae euphorbiaceae fabaceae fagaceae frankeniaceae fumariaceae gentianaceae geraniaceae gramineae grossulariaceae guttiferae haloragaceae haloragidaceae hippocastanaceae hippuridaceae hydrocharitaceae hydrophyllaceae hypericaceae iridaceae isoetaceae juncaceae juncaginaceae labiatae lamiaceae leguminosae nosae uminosae minosae leguminosae leguminosae leguminosae ataet iataet labiataet labiataet h flower are modified into a ring of slender bristles or scales, called the pappus. This becomes the various plumes and fluff that assist in seed dispersal. Hundreds of individual flowers may be grouped together in a single head to form a large flamboyant structure. Flowers at the edge of the array often are modified by having some of their petal lobes extend into the "rays" typical of the daisies and sunflowers. Those without the extension are called "disk" flowers. Overall the head may then resemble a single large flower with many "petals". Surrounding the tightly bunched flowers is usually a multi-layer ring of bracts which superficially may appear like a ring of sepals. Most composites have both kinds of flower (Photo 1, Sunflower), some have only disk flowers (Photo 2, thistle), and others only ray flowers (Photo 3, dandelion). The family is renowned for its horticultural importance; few are used for food (lettuce sunflower, artichoke). 085-002L 033-007M 020-013 ually solitary; sepals 2 or 3, generally free, falling away as the flower opens; petals free, 4 or 6, rarely more numerous or lacking; stamens usually numerous, free; pistil 1, the 2-several carpels sometimes free or loosely united, the ovary superior, 1-chamberB ed or rarely incompletely many-chambered, the style 1 or frequently lacking, the stigma entire or 2-many-lobed. Fruit a capsule, opening by valves or subterminal pores; seeds generally numerous. Poppy Family Broomrape FamilyS Orobanche OXALIDACEAEB bed stigma. Fruit a capsule; seeds numerous, minute. ds minute, very n The Evening Primrose family has about 17 genera and 675 species of herbs. These are most diverse in the Americas, especially in the western U.S. A feature they have in common with the Mustard family is that the flowers have 4 separate petals, usually in a symmetrical cross pattern (Photo 1). Otherwise they are not considered closely related. A major difference is that the petals and sepals grow above the ovary, and may sometimes be seen adhering to the fruit, usually a 4-parted capsule (Ph oto 3). Our most prominent genus is the Willowherb/Fireweed (Epilobium), some of which are familiar showy plants (Photo 2), while others are easily missed. This large genus contains plants that do not properly belong together, and is being split. Other genera include Clarkia, and Evening Primrose (Oenothera), both of which contain ornamentals. Variations seen in an Evening Primrose were important in reigniting interest in Mendel's work on genetics, which helped bring Darwin's theory of e Mustard or Cabbage Family MAlyssum Arabidopsis Arabis Barbarea Brassica Camelina Capsella Cardamine Cardaria Chlorocrambe Chorispora Conringia Descurainia Diplotaxis Draba Erysimum Euclidium Hesperis Hutchinsia Isatis Lepidium Lesquerella Lobularia Lunaria Malcolmia Nasturtium Physaria Raphanus Rorippa Sisymbrium Smelowskia Streptanthus Thelypodium Thlaspi Alyssum Arabidopsis Rockcress Wintercress Mustard False Flax Shepherd's Purse Bittercress Whitetop Mountain Mustard Blue Mustard Hare's Ear Tansy Mustard Wallrocket Whitlow Grass Wallflower Euclidium Rocket Hutchinsia s Woad Peppergrass Pepperweed Bladderpod Sweet Alyssum Moonwort Malcolmia Watercress Twinpod Radish Yellowcress Sisymbrium Smelowskia Twistflower Thelypodium Pennycress A CACTACEAEB or, divided into 2 chambers by a membranous false septum (replum) formed by the union of vestigial carpels, or 1-chambered in Isatis; style 1, occasionally lacking, the stigma enti cymoseB cyperaceae^ cyperaceae sedge family^ cypress\ daisyI darkr deciduousC deeplyF degreeL dehiscence{ dehiscentC dehiscingD dense denselyD depressionsW describedI description descriptionsi developedd developing diadelphousd dichotomouslyV didynamous differQ difference different differentiatedu differing digiitalis dilatedi dimorphica dioeciousA CERATOPHYLLACEAE (Hornwort Family) Aquatic rootless herbs, submerged or free-floating, monoecious or less often dioecious; stems slender, brittle to flexuous, sparingly to densely branched. Leaves whorled, sessile, palmately or dichotomously dissected into threadlike to linear, minutely toothed segments, the whorls crowded toward the ends of the stems, the whole resembling the tail of a raccoon. Flowers minute, usually unisexual, the staminate and pistillate usually borne on separate no des, sessile or subsessile in leaf axils, each subtended by an 8-12-lobed involucre, a perianth lacking;. staninate flowers with 8-20 stamens, the filaments short, the anthers obscurely 2-celled and minutely bristle-tipped at the apex; pistillate flowers consisting of a solitary pistil with a superior, 1-chambered ovary. Fruit a hardened, smooth or tuberculate achene, the persistent style spinelike. HYDROCHARITACEAE (Frogbit Family) Aquatic, usually dioecious, perennial herbs of fresh or saline water, wholly submerged or the flowers floating, the roots anchored in mud or unattached and the plants floating. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite or whorled. Flowers mostly unisexual or rarely bisexual, radially symmetrical, axillary, sessile or peduncled, 1-several enclosed in a membranous spathe composed of 1-3 usually fused bracts, the flowers exserted from the spathe on slender ped icel-like floral tubes which often reach to the surface of the water or, if sessile, the flowers soon deciduous and floating to the surface; perianth in 1 or 2 series, each consisting of 3 free segments; the staminate flowers 1-several per spathe, the stamens (1)3-9(12) with anthers 2-celled; pistillate flowers 1 per spathe, the ovary inferior and 1-chambered, the 3-6 styles entire or 2- or 3-branched. Fruit dry or pulpy, linear to globose, indehiscent or rupturing irregularly; seeds few t Sedge Family The Sedge family is very important forage for wildlife. There are 4500 species worldwide, classified into over 100 genera. They frequently occur in damp or wet places, but not always. The Sedge genus Carex alone has 2000 species. Other large genera that have local representatives include Cyperus (Flatsedge), Eleocharis (Spikerush), and Scirpus (Bulrush). "Sedges have Edges" is a good mnemonic, applicable to the whole family. Overall there are many similarities to grasses, but stems are soin heads, racemes, or panicles, occasionilly solitary, perianth lacking or represented by 1-many bristles, in Carex the pistillate flowers enclosed in a saclike structure (perigynium); stamens (1) 3; ovary superior and 1-chambered, the style 1 with 2 or 3 (4) stigmas. Fruit an achene, lenticular or 3 (4)-angled in accordance with the number of styles. The Legume family is the third largest (630 genera, 18,000 species), with only Sunflower and Grass families being larger. They occur all over the world. Characteristically they have compound leaves, mostly feather-type, and seed pods of a particular type ("legume"). However, these characters by themselves don't define the family members - there are exceptions both ways round. Immense economic importance for food, drugs and ornamentals, also for enriching soils with nitrogen. Many are very toxic, e.g. some, but not all, Astragalus. Within the Legumes are three quite distinctive groups, sometimes listed as separate families: Mimosa-type trees/shrubs; feathery leaves; petals insignificant; masses of showy stamens give bottlebrush effect. None native here. Acacia, Mimosa worldwide. Caesalpinia-type trees/shrubs; feathery leaves; petals showy; stamens showy. None native here, a few in Utah. Caesalpinia, Senna. Bean-type herbs to trees; leaves varied; petals showy; stamens us keel) waterC waterfern waterleafn waternymph} waters wateryN waxyG weaklyZ well[ well-developedy wetlandk whenH whichF whiteC wholeH whollyk whorlC whorledB whorlsC wideM williamT willow wind-dispersed wing-marginedM wingedA winglessO wingsH wintergreen wirelikeF withC CUCURBITACEAE (Gourd Family) Annual or perennial, monoecious or rarely dioecious herbs; stems trailing or climbing, often by means of tendrils. Leaves alternate, simple, oftem palmately or pinnately lobed. Flowers unisexual, radially symmetrical, 5(4-8)-merous, the staminate flowers in axillary racemes or panicles, the pistillate flowers 1 or 2 in the leaf axils; sepals usually fused at the base; petals fused to some degree; stamens 1-5 but usually 3, two with 2-celled anthers and 1 wit h a 1-celled anther; pistil 1, the ovary inferior and 1-chambered, the style 1(3). Fruit usually a berry, sometimes large with a spongy interior and a leathery rind (pepo). Cucumis sativus L. (cucumber) and Cucurbita pepo L. are among the better known members of this family, the numerous varieties of the latter including vegetable marrow, and many types of squashes as well as ornamental gourds. he genus Cuscuta within the family Convolvulaceae (see comment under Cuscutaceae). CHENOPODIACEAE (Goosefoot Family) Herbs, shrubs, or rarely small trees, some species monoecious or dioecious; herbage sometimes succulent, in some species mealy to scurfy with minute, grayish or yellowish, inflated to ultimately collapsed, globose to scalelike cells. Leaves generally alternate, simple, sometimes reduced to scales; stipules lacking. Flowers inconspicuous, bisexual or unisexual, mostly radially symmetrical, apetalous, solitary or clustered in axils of leaves or leaflike b racts, or in bracteate or ebracteate, terminal or axillary spikes or panicles, sometimes sunken in depressions in fleshy stems; sepals 5 (1-6), fused, at least near the base, or occasionally free, usually greenish, sometimes fleshy or becoming membranous, the calyx commonly persistent around the fruit, in Monolepis usually reduced to a mere scale or lacking entirely, in Atriplex the pistillate flowers naked and subtended by 2 opposing bracts; stamens 1-5; pistil 1, the ovary superior or ra S&Calystegia Convolvulus Cressa Cuscuta U6Morning Glory Bindweed Wild Morning Glory Alkali Weed A CORNACEAEB CORNACEAE (Dogwood Family) Perennial herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves deciduous or occasionally evergreen, opposite or rarely alternate, simple; stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual or less often unisexual, radially symmetrical, small, generally in terminal cymes or panicles, sepals 4 or 5, free, inconspicuous or obsolete; petals 4 or 5(12); pistil 1, the ovary inferior and 1-4-chambered, the styles 1 or 2, each with an entire stigma. Fruit a 1- or 2-seeded drupe, rarely a berry. Dogwood Family in a small capsule. They are sparsely represented here. We have a single inconspicuous native Alkali Weed (Cressa truxillensis), an occasional Hedge Bindweed (Calystegia sepium), and the ubiquitous Field Bindweed (ConvolvulusB arvensis). g Glory Family cutaceae). Horsetail Family The Horsetail family is relatively humble now, but some of their ancient relatives grew to 60 feet tall in the Carboniferous Period. There are just 15 species worldwide in a single genus (Equisetum), none in Australia and New Zealand. No flowers are present, but the plants reproduce by spores, which are produced in little "cones" at the tips of stems. They also spread by underground stems (rhizomes). This part of the plants is perennial, but above ground stems die back to the ground in BBsome species, while remaining alive through the winter in others. Horsetail FamilyS Equisetum Horsetail Scouring Rush "A ERICACEAEB onal caps and closely spaced around a central axis to form 2 terminal conelike structure (strobilus). scent nectaryR needlelike\ neighboringH nervesC nettle nextq nightshade nodea nodesT non-green| none~ nongreen normally notched{ nourishment] numberE numerousB nutletK nutletsL nutlike nutse nyctaginaceae~ nyctaginaceae four-o'clock family~ oblanceolate obliquelyO oblongM obovoid obscurelyV obsoleteA obtaining] 081-012M 081-004Q"Cypress, Juniper or Conifer FamilyS Juniperus Juniper CUSCUTACEAEB CUSCUTACEAE (Dodder Family) Annual or perennial parasitic herbs lacking chlorophyll and rootless except as seedlings; stems threadlike, orange or yellow, turning brown, twining on and obtaining nourishment from hosts by means of haustoria (suckerlike attachment and extraction organs). Leaves reduced to minute scales. Flowers small (ours 2-6 mm long), bisexual, radially symmetrical, 3-5-merous, sympetalous sessile or short-pedicelled in cymose clusters of variable size; sepals fused at t otable genera include Cypress, Juniper, Arbor-Vitae, Sequoia, Hemlock. Only Juniper is native to our area, with three species locally. In our region "Cedar" in place names refers to Juniper rather than true Cedars which are members of the Pine family. 081-003 CYPERACEAE (Sedge Family) Grasslike, mostly perennial herbs from fibrous roots and often rhizomes; stems usually solid, 3-angled or occasionally terete, generally unbranched below the inflorescence. Leaves alternate, mostly 3-ranked, the basal portion forming a closed (rarely open) sheath around the stem, the blades narrowly elongate or in some species greatly reduced or lacking. Flowers bisexual or unisexual (the plants then monoecious or less often dioecious), sessile or rarely subses sile, each subtended by a small, more or less membranous bract (scale) and arranged in spikes or spikelets, these variously disposed in heads, racemes, or panicles, occasionilly solitary, perianth lacking or represented by 1-many bristles, in Carex the pistillate flowers enclosed in a saclike structure (perigynium); stamens (1) 3; ovary superior and 1-chambered, the style 1 with 2 or 3 (4) stigmas. Fruit an achene, lenticular or 3 (4)-angled in accordance with the number of styles. The Teasel family is a fairly small one with 10 genera and about 300 species. Teasel (Dipsacus) itself is a common weed, and Scabious (Scabiosa) is a genus of ornamentals that occasionally naturalize. Many botanists regard the family as part of the Honeysuckle family, though they appear unrelated to the untrained eye. Small flowers are organized into a dense head, somewhat reminiscent of a Composite. 005-011L 008-027Q Teasel FamilyS Dipsacus Teasel ELAEAGNACEAEB Teasel Family a. Fruit an achene. Teasel Family styles. largeG largely| larger| largestd lateralH laterallyA latter[ lawrencel leafR leafletsF leaflikeW leafy-bracteate leafy-stemmedv leastD leatheryN leavesA leaving legumed leguminosaed lemma lemnaceaeu lemnaceae duckweed familyu lengthf lengthwised lens-shaped lid, 3-sided, covered with overlapping V-shaped leaves. The definitive features, though, have to do with structure of the seed and its coverings. Differences among genera are relatively easy to sort out with a magnifier, but identification of species (especially of Carex) requires a microscope. This will not be attempted here - use technical keys if needed. Individual species of Carex will not normally be described. Those needing more information should consult Volume 6 of "Intermountain C[Flora" by Cronquist et al., which includes superb line drawings to illustrate all species. these variously disposed in heads, racemes, or panicles, occasionilly solitary, perianth lacking or represented by 1-many bristles, in Carex the pistillate flowers enclosed in a saclike structure (perigynium); stamens (1) 3; ovary superior and 1-chambered, the style 1 with 2 or 3 (4) stigmas. Fruit an achene, lenticular or 3 (4)-angled in accordance with the number of styles. Campanula Downingia Harebell Bellflower Downingia CANNABACEAE CANNABINACEAE CANNABACEAE / CANNABINACEAE (Hemp Family) Annual or perennial herbs, usually dioecious. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple and palmately lobed or palmately compound; stipules persistent. Flowers unisexual, radially symmetrical, apetalous, 5-merous; staminate flowers pedicelled, with free sepals and 5 stamens; pistillate flowers sessile, the sepals fused and closely investing the solitary superior ovary, the styles 2. Fruit an achene enclosed in the persistent calyx, the whole covered B by an accrescent bract. The few species in this family are sometimes included in Moraceae but differ from other members of that family in having watery rather than milky sap and in the arrangement of the flowers on the receptacle. 047-024L 083-032M 022-007Q Legume, Pea or Bean FamilyShAstragalus Glycyrrhiza Hedysarum Lathyrus Lupinus Medicago Melilotus Oxytropis Psoralea Trifolium Vicia Locoweed Milkvetch Wild Licorice Sweetvetch Sweetpea Peavine Lupine Medick Sweetclover Crazyweed Scurfpea Clover Vetch Bird's-foot Trefoil Lotus Sainfoin Locust FAGACEAEB FAGACEAE (Beech or Oak Family) Monoecious trees or shrubs. Leaves evergreen or deciduous, alternate simple; stipules inconspicuous, mostly deciduous. Flowers small, unisexual, apetaious; staminate flowers ln erect to drooping, usually bracteate spikes or (ours) catkins, the calyx 4-7-lobed, the stamens 4-20; pistillate flowers 1-3, subtended by an involucre of scalelike or ultimately hardened, sometimes spiny bracts, these more or less fused to form a cuplike structure which partially o lateral petals (wings) clawed at the base and free or lightly fused at the tips, the 2 lower petals partially fused, forming a boat-shaped structure (keel) The Poppy family contains annual or perenial herbs, often with milky juice. Leaves vary in the degree to which they are lobed or subdivided, and whether they are alternate or opposite. Depending on how broadly the family is defined it contains a few hundred species or more than twice that many (see below). Petals range from 4-12, and can be of various colors, often rich. The true poppies (Papaver) are represented locally only by the flamboyant Oriental Poppy which sometimes escapes from Ocultivation. California Poppy is another non-native that is used for roadside plantings and easily wanders. Our only native is the beautiful Prickly Poppy which adorns dry roadsides. On technical arguments incomprehensible to the layman the Fumitory family (which is larger numerically) is sometimes included within the Poppy family. Woodsorrel FamilyS Oxalis PAPAVERACEAEB , very n =r completely encloses the fruit, the calyx 4-8-lobed and adherent to the ovary, the pistil 1, with an inferior, 3-6-chambered ovary and 3-6 free styles. Fruit of 1-3 one-seeded nuts enclosed in a fused, burlike involucre or (ours) a solitary 1-seeded nut (acorn). closely invested at the base by a cuplike involucre. Beech or Oak Family Oak Family The Beech or Oak family has about 900 species in 9 genera. All are shrubs and/or trees, some of them truly magnificent. The family is restricted to the Northern Hemisphere; the Southern Hemisphere has a closely related family, the Nothofagaceae, again, some of them being magnificent trees. Half of the 900 species are Oak (Quercus), while relatively few are Beech (Fagus). However, because Fagus was officially named first, then the whole family is named after it. The flowers are separate ma EUPHORBIACEAE (Spurge Family) Dioecious or monoecious herbs, shrubs, or trees, usually with milky juice. Leaves simple or compound, alternate, opposite, or whorled; stipules often present, in some species modified into glands or spines. Flowers unisexual, sometimes with a radially symmetrical perianth of 1 or 2 series, or (all of ours) the staminate and pistillate flowers lacking a perianth and borne in small clusters arising from a cuplike structure, each such structure with 1-many sta nminate flowers (the latter consisting of a single stamen) and a single pistillate flower consisting of a pistil with a stalked, superior, (1)3-chambered ovary with 3 free to partially fused styles. Fruit a capsule, often opening explosively; seeds 1(2) per chamber. Spurge Family Spurge FamilyS Euphorbia EQUISETACEAE (Horsetail Family) Annuals or rhizomatous perennials; stems annual or perennial, green, mostly stiffly erect, simple or with whorled branches, essentially hollow with a transverse partition at each node, the outer surface of the internodes grooved, sometimes the stems dimorphic, the fertile ones fleshy and brownish, the sterile ones firm and green. Leaves reduced to a ring of confluent scales forming sheaths at the nodes, each sheath segment terminating in a slender, long-t apered tooth, these often deciduous, the segment then appearing truncate. Spores chlorophyllous, spherical, each with 4 spirally wound bands that coil and straighten with changes in humidity, produced in 5-10 sporangia clustered around each of numerous spore-bearing stalks, these covered by polygonal caps and closely spaced around a central axis to form 2 terminal conelike structure (strobilus). le and female, borne on the same tree (monoecious). Beech and oak are both wind-pollinated, via inconspicuous flowers that often appear before the leaves. Not all members of the family use wind pollination, however, relying on smell to attract insects. Seeds are large nuts that rely on transportation by animals, and possibly water, for dispersal. Somewhat similar seeds are used by several other families that are grouped together in the next level of the classification hierarchy (the "order " Fagales). In the Beech/Oak family and the southern equivalent, Evergreen Beech, the seed is carried in a cup. We are very poorly off for members of this family, the Scrub Oak being our only representative. There are two or three others native to Utah, and no beeches. atively few are Beech (Fagus). However, because Fagus was officially named first, then the whole family is named after it. The flowers are separate ma cture (keel) Birch FamilyS Alnus Betula Alder Birch BORAGINACEAEB BORAGINACEAE (Borage Family) Annual or perennial herbs (ours), sometimes vines, shrubs or trees; herbage usually pubescent to some degree, the hairs often bristlelike, pungent, and pustulose-based. Leaves simple and alternate or rarely opposite to whorled, usually entire. Flowers bisexual, mostly radially symmetrical, sympetalous, usually borne in compact, tightly coiled clusters elongating to form racemes, spikes, or panicles, calyx 5-lobed or parted to the base; corolla 5-lobed, commo individual flower consisting of 0-4 sepals and 1 pistil, the sepals arising above the ovary and the ovary inferior or, in Alnus and Betula, the sepals obsolete and the ovary appearing superior, the stigmas 2. Fruit a nut or a nutlet, with or without wings. Birch Family Petradoria Psilocarphus Rudbeckia Senecio LIMNANTHACEAE (Meadowfoam Family) Low, fragile, usually glabrous annuals of mostly moist sites. Leaves alternate, pinnately divided or compound. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetrical, 3-5(6)-merous, solitary on axillary peduncles; sepals fused at the base, persistent; petals free, white to yellowish or nearly pink; stamens equal in number to or twice as many as the petals; pistil 1, with 2-5 free superior ovaries, the 2-5 styles fused near the base. Fruit of 1-seeded tuberculate nutletB Meadowfoam FamilyQ Meadowfoam FamilyS Floerkea U Floerkea LINACEAEB Sego Lily Camas Glacier Lily / Dogtooth Violet Dogtooth Violet Fritillary Twisted-stalk False Hellebore Death Camas LIMNANTHACEAEB gma. Fruit a capsule or a berry, seeds 1-many. entire erect@ essentially family fertile flowering@ folded@ fruit@ funnelform geranium@ greenish@ head-shaped herbage@ heterosporous@ initially internodes@ l-several@ large@ leaves legume lenticular@ longitudinal@ monoecious@ nectary@ obtuseobtuseobtuseobtuse obtuseobtuseobtuseobtuseobtuseobtuseobtuse@ obtuse monoecious@ more@ nectary@ obtuse monoecious@ more@ nectary@ obtuseus@ more@ nectary@ obtusebtuse@ obtuseeary@ obtuses) termed "papilionaceous" with the uppermost petal (banner) usually the largest, the 2 lateral petals (wings) clawed at the base and free or lightly fused at the tips, the 2 lower petals partially fused, forming a boat-shaped structure (keel); stamens 1-numerous, the filaments free or fused, in m MARSILEACEAE (Pepperwort Family) Aquatic or semiaquatic, heterosporous plants. The sporophyte an herb with slender, horizontal, branched rhizomes; leaves arising from the nodes of the rhizomes; erect or floating, petioled and with 2-4 terminal, cloverlike leaflets, or threadlike throughout; sporocarps 1-several, arising from the rhizome or from the base of the leaf blade or the petiole, hard, globose to ellipsoid, subsessile or short-stalked, each longitudinally 2-chambered, the chambe rs with numerous transverse partitions, ultimately dehiscent by 2 valves; sori 2-many per sporocarp, the microspores minute and numerous, the megaspores larger and solitary in each sporangium. Gametophyte minute, non-green, largely contained within the megaspore wall. Pepperwort FamilyQ Pepperwort FamilyS Marsilea Pepperwort Water Clover NAJADACEAEB t of their length or entire an Water Starwort Family AWild Buckwheat Mountain Sorrel Knotweed Smartweed Sorrel POLYPODIACEAEB POLYPODIACEAE (True Fern Family) Terrestrial or epiphytic plants of diverse habit. Sporophyte consisting of l-several petioled leaves arising from a subterranean, erect to horizontal rhizome or a branching caudex bearing scales or infrequently hairs. Leaves green, usually large relative to the stem, coiled in bud, often hairy or scaly, simple or more often one or more times compound, the primary leaflets (pinnae) opposite or somewhat offset; fertile and sterile leaves alike or unlike. mbranous at fruiting; stamens (3)6-9; pistil 1, the ovary superior and 1-chambered the styles 2 or 3(4) lacking ard the 2 or 3(4) stigmas sessile. Fruit a 3-angled or lenticular achene. sters. Seeds are in dry, winged fruits whose clusters are much more obvious than the flowers (Photo 3). Cfgh the large colony-forming Bracken Fern (Photo 2) to the graceful Northern Maidenhair Fern (Photo 3). 101-024L 0002-07M 035-016Q True Fern FamilyS Adiantum Aspidotis Asplenium Athyrium Cheilanthes Cryptogramma Cystopteris Dryopteris Pellaea Polypodium Polystichum Pteridium Woodsia Maidenhair Fern Aspidotis Spleenwort Lady Fern Lip Fern Rock-brake Bladder Fern Shield Fern Wood Fern Cliffbrake Polypody Holly Fern Bracken Woodsia PORTULACACEAEB True Fern Family Fern Family leaves alike or unlike. stamens (3)6-9; pistil 1, the ovary superior and 1-chambered the styles 2 or 3(4) lacking ard the 2 or 3(4) stigmas sessile. Fruit a 3-angled or lenticular achene. sters. Seeds are in dry, winged fruits whose clusters are much more obvious than the flowers (Photo 3). AzThe Dirchgrass family consist of a single genus with a single species, Ruppia maritima. See the species for a description. Ditchgrass FamilyS Ruppia Ditchgrass SALICACEAEB SALICACEAE (Willow Family) Dioecious or rarely monoecious shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or toothed; stipules usually present, often conspicuous, persistent or deciduous. Flowers unisexual, appearing before, with, or after the leaves, arranged in erect or pendulous catkins, these falling as a unit, each flower subtended by a membranous bract (scale), a perianth lacking, the staminate consisting of (1) 2-many stamens, the pistillate of a single pistil with a superior, Ditchgrass Family Our only native achene, sometimes the achen The True Fern family has traditionally been a very large one, containing about 7500 species. Many students have argued that it should be broken into several smaller sized families, but there is not yet general agreement. Ferns are not flowering plants, but reproduce by spores which develop in specialized patches beneath the leaves. Identifying a species often requires a good magnifier or microscope to observe these "sori" (Photo 1). Only general descriptions will be given. Although they d o not have flowers, ferns have roots, vessels for transporting fluids, and leaves with chlorophyll. Ferns are dependent on free-standing water at one stage of their life cycle; once established, however, some of them such as the cosmopolitan Bracken Fern (Photo 2) can tolerate dry conditions. Nevertheless, most require damp shady places, and our area has many fewer (19) than a comparable area in the Pacific Northwest. Our plants range from the small and inconspicuous cranny dwellers throu Pine Family Conifer Family The Pine Family is the largest in the conifer group. Although it is not huge numerically (10 genera and 220 species), it is of enormous economic significance because of the use of its wood. The three largest genera are the Pine, Spruce and Fir (Pinus, Picea and Abies respectively), which dominate northern and mountain forests over much of the Northern Hemisphere. All three occur in our area, as well as Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga), but reach nowhere the size they achieve further north. Leaves g down. Firs have flattened needles. Although they are attached in a spiral, they often twist to make the whole look flattened. Cones stick up, very dense and sticky. Douglas Fir also has flattened needles, but the cones hang down, and have a spine at the end of each scale. Cdortulaca; seeds 1-many, usually lens-shaped, smooth and shiny or minutely papillose to tuberculate. Purslane Family The Purslane family is medium-sized, with about 450 species in 20 genera. Leaf features that are common to many of the plants include their being somewhat succulent, simple (not built from leaflets), and smooth in outline. Details of flower structure are of greater importance for this, and also for identifying species. Surprising to the layman is the fact that the Cactus family is thought to be very closely related, and even may be included within this one - but again, many details of stru 003-013L 065-024M 038-017Q Purslane FamilyS#Claytonia Lewisia Montia Portulaca solitary or in racemes, or terminal in umbels; stamens equal in number to and opposite the petals, arising from the corolla or at the base of the ovary, staminodia rarely present; B pistil 1, the ovary superior or in a few species inferior, 1-chambered, the style 1 with a usually globose stigma. Fruit a capsule, dehiscent along the 2-6 (7)-valves or in a few species circumscissile; seeds few to numerous. Primrose Family 059-008L 060-007M 060-009Q Pondweed FamilyS Potamogeton U Pondweed PRIMULACEAEB essile or subsessile in whorls on axillary peduncles, the bud enclosed within the sheathing stipule; perianth of 4 oval, short-clawed segments (interpreted by some workers as bracts, by others as expanded connectives of the stamens); stamens 4, fused with the claws of the perianth segments; pistils 4, free, each 1-chambered with a short style, the latter persistent on the fruit as a more or less well-developed beak, or sometimes a style lacking. Fruit a somewhat flattened sessile achene, hCsardened when dry or with a thin, membranous pericarp, dorsally and laterally keeled, in some species obscurely so. Pondweed Family xpert. They are also difficult of access for all but the real enthusiast. 059-008L 060-007M 060-009Q Pondweed FamilyS Potamogeton 104-014L 011-004M 032-009Q Primrose FamilyS9Anagallis Androsace Dodecatheon Glaux Lysimachia Primula UPPimpernel Rock Jasmine Shooting Star Saltwort Sea Milkwort Loosestrife Primrose PYROLACEAEB PYROLACEAE (Wintergreen Family) Low perennial herbs or dwarf shrubs. Leaves usually evergreen, alternate or opposite, simple; stipules lacking. Flowers bisexual, radially symmetrical, 4- or 5-merous; sepals free or fused at the base; petals free; stamens 8 or 10, the anthers inverted (ours); pistil 1, the ovary superior, 4- or 5-chambered, the style 1 or obsolete, the stigma 4- or 5-lobed. Fruit a 4- or 5-lobed capsule; seeds numerous. Wintergreen FamilyF Species with very small, scarcely differentiated embryos and without cotyledons are by some workers removed from the family Ericaceae and placed in the separate family Pyrolaceae (see Cronquist 1968). hia). smallA small-leaved smallerR smelle smellingH smoothE snapdragon snapdragonish snapdragons soft-wooded soilW soilsd solanum solid^ solitary someB something specialized speciesA spectacularB spicesR spikelet spikelets spikerush^ spine spinesL spinyN spiral spirally splitJ splits sporesa spreada spreading spring springparsleysF spruce spruces spurgec spurs square mesembryanthemaceaeB mesembryanthemumB methods] microscopeL middleB mightN milkweedG milkyG mimicB mimosad mimosa-typed mind-bogglingc minimizingZ minuteD mirror missed missingP mistletoe mistletoes mistletoes moderate family genera species mitella miterwort mixture mnemonic^ moderateS modernR modestL modifiedB moistE moisture-lovingP monkeyflowers monkshood monoeciousK moreA morning] morning-gloryX mostE mostlyG namedB names\ namesake namingB narrow narrower nativeE small@ sometimes@ squawbush@ subshrubs@ technical that@ borage family about hundred genera specie@ dogwood family about species genera family small genera total phlox family modest species grouped poppy family contains annual perenial herbs often stafftree bittersweet family widespread willow family consists shrubs these@ family worldwide distribution members tongue@ typical@ value@ weed@ while willowherb/fireweed@ adiantum@ alopecurus amaranthus@ carduus@ chlorocrambe cymopterus@ glycyrrhiza@ genusA getsH giant gilia giveB given gives glabraE glory] gnarlyE goingM golden goodL goosefootD graceful grainD grape grasp grassd grassesI grasslike graveolensF grazing greatI greater greatest greatlyH greenE greenish grewa groundF groundsmokes groupD groupedF grouping groupsb growE growingE grownD growsF guaranteeL gypsophilaT habitat habitats hackberries hackberry hardy harebellP displayB distinctS distinctionP distinctiveI distributed distributionG disturbed diverseH diversification diversified diversityI divide dividedF division divisionsM docks dodder] dogbaneG dogsG dogwoodY dogwoodsY dominate dominated dominates don'tG douglas downingiaP downwardsb dozenS drabaM dramatically drasticR drawing drawings^ st-namedB flamboyantI flattenedL flavorfulF fliesH flowerF floweringB flowersB fluffI foodI forestsE forget-me-notsL formD formallyF fragrancesF fragrantF frequentlyH fromB fruitsL frustratingM furtherF gaveI generaB leavesE legends legumed legumesd lemonadeE lepidiumM lessM lettuceI levele lifeR lifestyle] likeB those heaths flowers parted likely likewise lilac line^ linkP links listedd lithophragma lithospermumL littleB liveB livestockF living lobeP lobed lobeliaP lobesI localL locallyI lomatiumF longB longer loniceraS lookQ loose amaranthusD amaryllis amateurM amazingB amazinglyc americaD american americas amongM amounts anagallis analyse analysisM analyzing] ancienta WnualsR anotherH answerL apartB apiumF apocynumG appearI appearingH apples applicable^ appliesD approximatelyI aquaticV aquilegia arabisM arbor-vitae\ arctic squawbushE stafftreeU stage stalk stalksd stamensN standouts startingM starwortT staying stemF stemsH stick stickingL stickseedL stickyR still sting stinging stivk stone stone-fruits stonecropZ stonecropsZ stonesB stoneseedL strange stringH stripsP structureI structuresH students stunningP styleR styles subalpine subdivided subfamilyP submerged lowerI sunflowersI superb^ superficiallyI supplyc supporting surfacesR surprised surprising surprisinglyV surroundN surroundingI surroundings swollen symmetricalP systematicB takeW takenN tallE targetK tasty taxes teasel_ typicalF typicallyA ubiquitousP uintasP ulmaceae ulmus umbelliferaeF umbelsF umbrellasF unbranched uncommon undergrounda unfortunatelyc unfurl uniquec unisexual unitD unite unitedD unlikeK unpleasant unrelated_ untilB untoothed untrained_ unusualQ unwanted uppermost upright usedG useful usual usuallyE utahN utterlyN v-shaped^ vaccariaT valerian valeriana valerianella valerians worldN worldwideI wouldM yearsB yellowF abies abronia achillea aconitum actaea newerF nexte nightZ nightshade ninety nitrogend nodes non-native non-resinous non-stinging noneT normally^ northL northerly northernA northwest notable\ notablyN nothofagaceaee noticeableT nowhere numberM numerous nutletsL nutrients nutse objects observe obviousZ occasionalP occasionallyF occurA occurring occurs` ocurD oenothera genus is Bedstraw with 7 species. These have paired dry fruits, often prickly. Madder (Rubia) which gives its name to the family, is a transplant from the Mediterranean region. Madder FamilyS Galium Rubia Bedstraw Cleavers Rubia RUPPIACEAEB and trees. In temperate regions they are usually herbs, with the Bedstraws (Galium) being the largest genus. Leaves are simple, usually untoothed, and opposite - but often in a ring around the stem (whorled). Flowers are in various types of cluster. Both calyx and are 4- or 5-lobed, with the lower parts joined. Bedstraws lack a calyx. Fruits can be berries, capsules, stone fruits and more. Our only native The Buckthorn family is a small one in our area, with just 2 species. Worldwide it is medium with 850 species in 45 genera, the largest of which is Buckthorn itself (Rhamnus). Plants are almost all woody, shrubs, trees and vines. Leaves are simple, often leathery. Flowers are radially symmetrical, 4- or 5-parted. Commonly they are in large clusters. Fruits are varied - capsules, berries or stone-fruits. Our 2 species are shrubs, the common Mountain Lilac and the Alder Buckthorn which occB#urs in only one place in our area. Buckthorn FamilyS Ceanothus Rhamnus Wild Lilac Buckthorn ROSACEAEB Marigold Virgin's Bower Larkspur Mouse Tail Buttercup / Crowfoot Crowfoot Meadowrue RHAMNACEAEB cle or an achene, rarely a berry or a capsule. family worldwide distribution members thistleI thorny` thoseD thoughJ thought thousandsQ threadlike threeE througha tightlyI timberY timesK tinyF tipsa tmperateU toadflax tobacco togetherI tolerate tomatoes trees/shrubsd trilobataE tropicU tropicalE tropicsc true\ trulyN trunksE truxillensisX tubeL turnF twice twigs twiningX twinnedS twist twists typeK typesS plusA podsH pointM poisonE poison-ivyE poisonousF polemonium pollenH pollen-bearing\ pollinated pollinatione polliniaH polygonum pomes pondweedV pondweeds poolsP poorW poorlye poplars poppies poppy popularP population poresZ possiblye potato potatoes potentilla pouch powerfulG presentB presented presentlyM pricklyN primeK primroseM primula prince's principle priority probably produceda prominent pronounced reproducea requiresF researchersR resemblanceN resemblancesR resembleI respectF respectivelyW responsesE restricted` resultedB revisionR rhusE richF ringI riseI roadsideR rockM rockyE rootF rottenH rotundifoliaP russianW achenes achieve aconitum acrossI actaea actuallyB adaptationZ adaptedW adder's adhere adhering adorns aeneas africaB africanH afterB againF aggregated aggressiveM agreement ailanthus aizoaceaeB album alder aldersK alivea alkaliX alkaloids allergicE almostA alnusK alone^ alongY alsoE alternateX alternating although alumroot always^ alyssumM amaranthD amaranthaceaeW TheWintergreen family is closely related to the Heath family, and modern research shows that it properly belongs there. Plants are low perennial herbs or dwarf shrubs, usually with evergreen leaves clustered at the base (Photo 1). Like those of the Heaths, flowers are 4-5 parted. In this case, sepals are joined in a flat cup, while the petals are separate. The female part of the flower (style) is often very thick and prominent (Photo 2, with fruit developing around the bottom). Seeds are in a rounded capsule. We have 6 species, all low-growing, with shiny evergreen leaves (hence the name), living mostly in damp cold forests. The lovely Woodnymph (Photo 2) was used as the cover picture on Arnow's 1980 edition, Although not seen in our area for nearly 100 years it is still plentiful further north. Several species of Wintergreen (Photo 1) are here, often growing next to each other in our few scraps of good habitat. Prince's Pine (Photo 3) is a tiny shrublet. catkins chenopodiaceae cherry-like@ come@ consistent@ crops direction display@ drugs@ encrusted especial@ families@ family flowing@ frequently@ genus@ hackelia@ high@ inconspicuous@ juniper just@ leaves@ locally loosestrife@ lumber@ mesembryanthemaceae@ mountain@ natural newer@ numbers@ one-shot orchid@ oxalic@ perfectly photos@ plus@ proper@ revision@ rubia rydbergii@ sepals@ sexual@ theseF thewintergreen thewintergreen family closely related heath family theyA thichH thickW thinM thingH thingsM thirdd thirds thisB single genus which should consulted sometimesD somewhatH sorrel sort^ sourceQ southP southernB sparselyX special] specialized speciesA specific spectacularB speedwells spicesR spikelet spikelets spikemoss spikerush^ spine spinesL spinyN spiral spirally splitJ splits splitting sporesa spreada spreading spring springparsleysF spruce spruces spurgec spurs square highD higher highlyB hillsidesE hippophae` hollow homeB honeysuckleS hookedL hopsQ hornedV hornwortV horseM horsetaila horticulturalI horticuralT houndstongueL howeverE hugeN human humans humblea hundredL hundredsI identification^ identifyc identifyingM illustrate^ image images immediately immensed immigrantsW impactL import importabtM importanceI importantF importedW importsc subshrubsb substanceG substancesG subtropical subtropicsU succulentB succulentsH suchN sufficiently suggestL suggests sumacE sunflowerI sunflowersI superb^ superficiallyI supplyc supporting surfacesR surprised surprising surprisinglyV surroundN surrounded surroundingI surroundings swollen sword-like symmetricalP systematicB takeW takenN tallE tamarisk targetK tasty taxes teasel_ technical^ technicallyB temperateA temporarily] tenacious tendrils tepals terms texture thanA borage family about hundred genera specieL broomrape family about genera species buckthorn family small buckwheat knotweed family about species buttercup family widely distributed temperate cactus family exclusively world originating caltrop family fairly small about species caper family large genera species mostlyR cypress family worldwide distribution dirchgrass family consist single genus singl dodder family contains single genus because ustard family large complicated older botanical large important family pigweed family features common goosD family fairly large genera species milyO therebyK 4500^ 5-10E 5-lobedI 5-parted 7000c abies ability aboutB abovea absent\ abundantS acaciad access accessible acerA drugsG druid drunkN drupesS dryingP dudleyasZ dumps duringZ dustyH dwarf dwellers dyer'sM eachI early easily easternb easyM eaten eating economicB economicallyF edgeI edges^ edibleE ediion edition effectd eitherK elaborate elaeagnus` eleocharis^ elevations elsewhere emergeT enable enables enclosed encrustedW endingN englishP enormous enrichingd enthusiast entirelyA epilobium equisetuma equivalente erectQ eriogonum escapeG escapedc escapesS escaping factW factorsQ fagalese faguse fairlyS fallE familiarP familiesB familyA WfeatureK featuresD feetF femaleK fern-like ferns fewer fiberQ fieldX figwortM filamentsd fineP firstD first-namedB flamboyantI flatsedge^ flattenedL flavorfulF flavoringQ fleshy\ fliesH flora^ floral flowerF floweringB flowersB tongue totalI totallingK toxicH toxicodendronE toxinsc traditionally transferredH transplant transplanted transportatione transporting trappedZ treatedc tree\ tree-of-heaven treesA trees/shrubsd tremendous tremendously trilobataE tropicU tropicalE tropicsc true\ trulyN trunksE truxillensisX tubeL tubular turnF twice twigs twiningX twinnedS twist twists typeK typesS rydbergiiE saidD saltN saltbushW samarasA sameF sandB sandalwood sandwortT saponarisT saucer-shaped saxifraga saxifrage scabiosa_ scabious_ scaleF scale-like\ scalesI scarcelyT scattered` scirpus^ scraps scrube scrutinyW seams seapurslaneB second sedge^ sedgesI sedges edges mnemonic applicable whole^ sedumZ sedumsZ seedA seedsF seeds rounded capsule seemN seemingly seenN segments segregatedK semi-parasitic sennad sense similarities^ simpleF singleD single-sexedW situationK sizeL skunkbushE slenderE slopesE justQ keeld keepM kept] keys^ kindsI knotweed knowG knowing knownB labrusca lackD lackingW ladder lady's lakeN lamb's lambsquartersW lantana largeA largerd largestJ larkspurs laterD latexc latinP layman layperson leadingZ leadsR leafZ leaflessN leafletsE leafy learn least leathery lettuceI levele lifeR lifestyle] likeB those heaths flowers parted likewise line^ linkP listedd lithospermumL littleB liveB livestockF living one-shotc onlyI open-faced openedZ openingb oppositeG oquirrhsN valueR variable variation variationsH variedd varieties varietyF variousI variouslyW varyW varying vastI vegetablesF veins verbena versions vervain veryF vespertine vessels viburnumS vincaG vineQ vinesE vinifera viola violet virgin's virginia viscum vitis volume^ wallowN wanders wantM wasteR waterF waterferns waterwaysY waysR whetherG whichB stafftree bittersweet family widespread stonecrop family large diverse species sumac family cashew family broader basis containE tamarisk family about genera species teasel family fairly small genera tree-of-heaven family about species trees family traditionally large valerian family consists about species verbena vervain family large though violet family about species mostly herbs waterferns reproduce spores rather seeds almost there single genus frankenia small family there single genus hornwort family aquatic there single species callitriche familyO therebyK cherry-likeS chickweedT chineseA chlorophyll choice cinquefoils cissus clamberingQ clammyR clarkia classicP classificatione classified^ classifyE clearP clematis cleomeM click climatesZ climb closeF closedZ closelyG clothingL clusterF clustered clustersA cockleT colony-forming coloredB colorfulE colors columbines columbines/virgin's combine commonestT commonly compactedH comparable complexF complicatedM composite_ compositesI compoundE compressF comprises concentratedZ concentrationsL conditionsZ cones\ conifer coniferous\ conifers consequently considered consist phlox family modest species grouped pigweed family features common goosD family largest conifer group although family fairly large genera species plantain family contains genera almost plants annual perennial herbs shrubs sometimes poppy family contains annual perenial herbs often primrose family consisting about genera purslane family medium-sized about species family outstanding importance humans sandalwood family about species genera saxifrage family about species genera sedge family important forage wildlife there^ snapdragon figwort family strange spurge family truly mind-boggling includesc 1000G 1300W 1500I 15000 17-30\ 18000d 2-chambered 2000H 2200T 23000I 2500B 250ish 3-lobedE 3-sided^ 3000b 4-parted 4000M dogwood family about species genera family trees shrubs alternate evening primrose family about genera family which belong known mesembB goosefoot family represented being grape family contains about species vines nearly grass family truly daunting nearly species heath family close species genera morning-glory family fairly large species mustard family large complicated older botanical large important family oleaster family small genera about pigweed family features common goosD family fairly large genera species sedge family important forage wildlife there^ consistent consistingP consistsK consult^ consulted containE containedX containingH containsE contextT contrastP conversely convolvulusX cosmopolitanb cotton cottonwoods countiesN countyN cover\ coveredL coverings^ coyote cranny crassulasZ crawlsH create creature creeper creepingP creosote cressM cressaX criterion cronquist^ cropsD cross crowded culinaryM cultivatedL cultivationS worldwide itselfW jacob's jadeZ jamesia jasmine joinedH jordan juiceG juicy juniper\ attributed] aucubaY australiaa awayB azaleasb baby'sT backa ballsH bamboos baneG related banish apocynum means without baneberry banishG banks bannerd barberryJ basal basicallyA basisE bastard beand bean-typed beautiful beauty becauseD becomeG becomesI bedstraw bedstraws beechK beech/oake beechese beenD beerQ beforeK bulrush^ bunchedI bundles bushyE buttercup buttercups cabbageM cabbage/mustardM cactiB cactusN caesalpiniad caesalpinia-typed calcium california calledF callenK callitricheO caltrop calystegiaX calyx camissonias campanulaP campionT can't cancer-root canyonE canyonsE caperM capital capsuleT capsulesS carawayF carbonZ carboniferousa cardinalP cardinalisP carex^ carriedR carrotF carryK conifers except juniper catchflyT oxalic oxalis pacific packetsL painful paintbrushes paird paired palmatelyR papaver papery pappusI parallel parasites parasitic] parkway parnassia parnassus parry's parsleyF parsnipF partM parted partially particulard partitionR partlyd parts patches patternF peaches pearsN pellitory penstemon penstemons people pepper peppergrassM peppers percent perenial perennialL perennialsX perfectlyP perianth perioda periwinklesG persicaria persist petalI petal-like` petalsB phlox photoI reduced referred refers\ reflection regard_ regardedb regards region\ regionsA reigniting relatedG relationship relationships] relatively^ relativesa relye relyinge remain remained remaininga remains reminiscentS removec renownedI representativeU representatives^ representedW reproducea reputation require requiresF research researchersR resemblanceN resemblancesR resembleI resinous respectF respectivelyW responsesE restricted` resultedB reticulata revised adsides rockM rockyE rootF rootsc rosette rottenH rotundifoliaP roundd rounded rubberc areaD areasE argued arguments aridZ arise arnowb arnow's aroundP arrangedF arrangementI arrangementsF arrayI artichokeI arvensisX asclepiadaceaeG asiaL assistI associated association astragalusd atripllexW attach attachedA attempted^ attractH attractive sepalsB sepals/petals separateK separatedb separately separates separating sepiumX sequoia\ serrated severalJ severeE sexesK shoreP shortM shouldH shown showsW showyN shrubU shrublet shrubsA shubs sides significanceB significantR siliclesM siliquesM silkyH similarN similarities^ simpleF singleD single-seeded single-sexedW situationK sizeL sized skunkbushE slenderE slippers slopesE properN properlyc prostrate proteinD providing pseudotsuga psychoactiveQ pumila purplesX purplish purslane pyrolaceaeb quercuse quicklyc quiteB radiallyb radicansE radishM rainfallW range rangesR rangingI rarely raspberry rather\ raysI reach reachingU readilyK reason recentB recentlyD recognizable recognize recognized renownedI representativeU representatives^ representedW reproducea requiresF researchersR resemblanceN resemblancesR resembleI respectF respectivelyW responsesE restricted` resultedB revisionR rhizomesa rhododendronsb rhusE richF ringI riseI risesd roadsideR rockM rockyE rootF rootsc rottenH rotundifoliaP roundd rubberc russianW inconspicuousX indicate indispensableM individualI induceE inflict information^ inrolled insect insect'sH insectsN insideb insignificantd insteadH interest interestingK intermountain^ interpret interpreted intoF intricateH introduced invasiveP inviteZ ipomopsis irregularP irritantc family small genera total honeysuckle family moderate about horned pondweeds small family horsetail family relatively humble legume family third largest genera 18000 specd madder family large mainly tropical where maple family almost entirely large milkweed family large extraordinarily diverse morning-glory family fairly large species mustard family large complicated nettle family about genera species worldw nightshade potato family large important older botanical large important family oleaster family small genera about orchid family largest terms numbers flowingV flowrS flowring fluffI fluffy fluids focus folded foodI foods foothills forage^ forestsE forget-me-notsL formD formallyF forms foundP fragrancesF fragrantF frankeniaf freeT free-standing frequent fruit fruitsL frustratingM fuelc fumitory fundamentalW fungi furtherF fusedT galium gardenP gaveI generaB general generally geneticsR